Caspian Journal of Pediatrics

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder toward the kidney, is congenital and often familial. VUR is common in childhood, but its precise prevalence is uncertain. It is about 10–20% in children with antenatal hydronephrosis, 30% in siblings of patient with VUR and 30–40% in children with a proved urinary tract infection (UTI). Ultrasonography is a useful initial revision but diagnosis of VUR requires a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) or radionuclide cystogram (DRNC) and echo-enhanced voiding urosonography (VUS). Although for most, VUR will resolve spontaneously, the management of children with VUR remains controversial. We summarized the literature and paid attention to the studies whose quality is not adequate in the field of VUR management of children.